THE FEROCITY AND DESTRUCTIVENESS OF VOLCANO!

EXPLOSION

ERUPTION

Hawaiian volcano

1. Yellowstone 

The Yellowstone Caldera is the volcanic caldera located in Yellowstone National Park in the United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. Yellowstone lies over a hotspot where light, hot, molten mantle rock rises toward the surface.Over the past 18 million years or so, this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basltic lava. Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot; it also produced one additional smaller eruption, thereby creating West Thumb Lake 174,000 years ago.

2. Mt. Saint Helens, Washington

Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways, and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 ft (2,950 m) to 8,365 ft (2,550 m)

3. Mt. Etna, Sicily

Mt. Etna is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the tallest active volcano on the European continent, currently standing 3,329 m (10,922 ft) high, though this varies with summit eruptions. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of activity. Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about half a million years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily.

4. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy -Pompeeii

Vesuvius is an active volcano in mainland Europe, and has produced some of the continent's largest volcanic eruptions. Located on Italy's west coast, it overlooks the Bay and City of Naples. Vesuvius is part of the Campanian volcanic arc, a line of volcanoes that formed over a subduction zone created by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates. This subduction zone stretches the length of the Italian peninsula, and is also the source of other volcanoes like Mount Etna. Though the volcano's last eruption was in 1944, it still represents a great danger to the cities that surround it, especially the busy metropolis of Naples.  Ash, mud and rocks from this eruption buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Pompeii is famous for the casts the hot ash formed around victims of the eruptions. The unfortunate people suffocated on ash in the air, which then covered them and preserved amazing details of their clothing and faces. 

Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions

Rank Volcano Year Deaths 1. Tambora, Indonesia 1815 92,000 2. Krakatau, Indonesia 1883 36,417 3. Mount Pelee, Martinique 1902 29,025 4. Ruiz, Colombia 1985 25,000 5. Unzen, Japan 1792 14,300 6. Laki, Iceland 1783 9,350 7. Kelut, Indonesia 1919 5,110 8. Galunggung, Indonesia 1882 4,011 9. Vesuvius, Italy 1631 3,500 10. Vesuvius, Italy 79 3,360

Based on data in Volcanic Hazards: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions by Russell J. Blong (Academic Press, 1984).

Source: Volcano World, University of North Dakota.

RING OF FIRE...  PLATE TECTONICS... EARTHQUAKES...

The Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements. The Ring of Fire has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active dormant volcanoes. 

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SUBDUCTION zONE

Sunda Trench : between Indian Plate and Burma Plate

Mariana Trench : between Philippines plate and Eurasian plate

Japan Trench : Between Eurasian plate and Pacific plate/ Philippines plate

New zealand : Autralian plate and Pacific plate

Peru-Chile Trench : between Nazca plate and South American plate

Caribbean Plate-Puerto rico

Juan de Fuca - N. American plate ( connected to San Andreas Fault)

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RIFTING zONE - SEA FLOOR SPREADING

African plate - South American plate

Arabian plate - African plate

Nazca plate - Pacific plate

Pacific plate - Antartic plate

Juan de Fuca plate - Pacific plate

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LARGEST EARTHQUAKE RECORDED

CHILE (1960) : Magnitude 9.5

Off the west coast of Sumatra (2004) : Magnitude : 9.1

Near the east coast of Honshu Japan (2011) : Magnitude 9.0

EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS

Exploration geophysics is the applied branch of geophysic which uses surface methods to measure the physical properties of the subsurface earth, along with the anomalies in these properties, in order to detect or infer the presence and position of oreminerals, hydrocarbon, geothermal reservoirs, groundwater reservoirs, and other geological structures.

Exploration geophysics is the practical application of physical methods (such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic) to measure the physical properties of rocks, and in particular, to detect the measurable physical differences between rocks that contain ore deposits or hydrocarbons and those without.

Exploration geophysics can be used to directly detect the target style of mineralisation, via measuring its physical properties directly. For example one may measure the density contrasts between iron ore and silicate wall rocks, or may measure the electrical conductivity contrast between conductive sulfide minerals and barren silicate minerals.

OIL AND GAS

Seismic reflection techniques are the most widely used geophysical technique in hydrocarbon exploration. They are used to map the subsurface distribution of stratigraphy and its structure which can be used to delineate potential hydrocarbon accumulations. Well logging is another widely used technique as it provides necessary high resolution information about rock and fluid properties in a vertical section, although they are limited in areal extent. This limitation in areal extent is the reason why seismic reflection techniques are so popular; they provide a method for interpolating and extrapolating well log information over a much larger area.

Gravity and Magnetics are also used, with considerable frequency, in oil and gas exploration. These can be used to determine the geometry and depth of covered geological structures including uplifts, subsiding basin, faults, folds, igneous intrusion and salt diapirs due to their unique density and magnetics susceptibility signatures compared to the surrounding rocks.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

Petroleum geology is the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbon oil exploration

Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in sedimentary basin

• Source
• Reservoir
• Seal
• Trap
• Timing
• Maturation
• Migration

Evaluation of the source uses the methods of geochemistry to quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed.

The reservoir is a porous and permeable lithological unit or set of units that holds the hydrocarbon reserves. Analysis of reservoirs at the simplest level requires an assessment of their porosity(to calculate the volume of in situ hydrocarbons) and their permeability (to calculate how easily hydrocarbons will flow out of them). Some of the key disciplines used in reservoir analysis are the fields of structural analysis, stratigraphy, sedimentology, and reservoir engineering

The seal, or cap rock, is a unit with low permeability that impedes the escape of hydrocarbons from the reservoir rock. Common seals include evaporites, chalks and shales. Analysis of seals involves assessment of their thickness and extent, such that their effectiveness can be quantified.

The trap is the stratigraphic or structural feature that ensures the juxtaposition of reservoir and seal such that hydrocarbons remain trapped in the subsurface, rather than escaping (due to their natural buoyancy) and being lost.

Analysis of maturation involves assessing the thermal history of the source rock in order to make predictions of the amount and timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion.

Finally, careful studies of migration reveal information on how hydrocarbons move from source to reservoir and help quantify the source (or kitchen) of hydrocarbons in a particular area.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST

A petroleum geologist is a geoscientist which can occupy in the field of petroleum geology that involves all aspects of oil discovery and production. Petroleum geologists are usually linked to the actual discovery of oil and the identification of possible oil or leads. It can be a very labor intensive task involving several different fields of science and elaborate machinery. Petroleum geologists look at the structural and sedimentary aspects of the stratum/strata to identify possible oil traps.

OIL AND GAS COMPANY IN MALAYSIA

PETRONAS

EXXONMOBIL

SHELL

TOTAL E&P

BP

PETROFAC

MUBADALA PETROLEUM

SAPURA KENCHANA PETROLEUM

MURPHY OIL MALAYSIA
TALLISMAN

BHPBILLITON

PETRON

SCHLUMBERGER

CONOCHOPHILIPS

TECHNIP

MALAKOFF

LUNDIN

HALLIBURTON

BAKER HUGHES

ASIANGEOS

TANJUNG OFFSHORE
(We are currently seeking sponsorship from oil & gas company to support our event)

Earthquake and Tsunami

Disaster occur in Sumatra  

26 Dec 2004 : earthquake and tsunami on the west coast of Sumatra

Occurance : 

Movement of indian plate subducted below burma plate. Indian plate push the burma plate down below, too much stress develop. Burma plate rebounce to uplifting. The shock energy of burma plate uplifting transfer throughout the water bodies and this cause tsunamies to various part of coastlines in Sumatera, india,sri lanka and thailand

Catastrophy :

9.2 ricther scale earthquake creat a devastating effect to the coastline and major land of Sumatera. The third largest earthquake ever recorded on a siesmograph. Houses, building and man were flush away by the tsunami.

Cita-cita : Ahli kaji batu/ Geologist

Kini 2 semester telah berakhir, tak lama lagi kami akan melangkah ke tahun dua dalam Program Geologi.. macam2 telah dilalui sepanjang 2 semester ini, dan macam2 juga ilmu geologi telah dipelajari, ada yang masih segar diingatan dan ada juga telah lupa dan perlukan ulangkaji semula.. setelah 2 semester melalui program ini, baru penulis sedari bahawa apa sebenarnya itu Geologi..Pertanyaan demi pertanyaan kepada senior,alumni, pensyarah dan rujukan demi rujukan, akhirnya penulis akur dengan hakikat sebenar mengenai geologi..

GEOLOGY : THE STUDY OF EARTH

Geologi berdasarkan pandangan penulis adalah ilmu tentang alam, penulis membayangkan fenomena2  yang berlaku pada bumi ini adalah semuanya geologi,dimana penulis juga membayangkan geologi mencakupi pengetahuan2 lain seperti meteorologi, astrofizik dan sains bumi..tetapi setelah dilihat semula, penulis menyedari bahawa bidang2 yang penulis minati itu hanyalah MINOR dalam geologi.. Geologi berdasarkan pentafsiran penulis lebih senang diungkapkan dengan perkataan mudah iaitu "ilmu mengenai BATU"..asas kepada geologi adalah Batu.. tiada dalam silibus di dalam geologi yang tidak menyebut mengenai batu.. 

Walaubagaimanapun, kini penulis telah sedar dan boleh menerima hakikat ini,..penulis percaya bahawa penulis boleh berjaya dengan bidang ini..mungkin apa yang diminati penulis itu mmg benda yang penulis suka dan ingin pelajari..namun penulis sedar bahawa apa yang diminati penulis tidaklah terlalu jauh drpd Geologi..walaupun geografi dan geologi itu lain..tapi tetap sama, dan jika kita berfikir dan pandai mengaitkan apa yang dipelajari pasti kita fahami istilah ilmu itu sebenarnya..

Sebagai ilmu baru yang tidak pernah dipelajari sebelum ini. Ramai mengatakan banyak yang perlu dihafal dan diingati. Namun, penulis pernah melihat soalan2 peperiksaan 15 tahun dahulu yang jauh lebih susah dan banyak silibusnya..apakah maknanya? Adakah para pensyarah kami yang menjawab soalan2 itu menghafal semua silibus itu?

Apa yang penting adalah kita perlu memahami apa yang dipelajari..seperti yang kita tahu, kerja sebagai geologist adalah di lapangan, bukan hanya di atas kertas.. memahami ilmu itu pasti membantu kita lebih lagi untuk membuat kajian daripada menghafal tetapi tidak boleh mengenalpasti di lapangan.

Secara keseluruhan, kerjaya sebagai ahli kaji batu ini mempunyai peluang yang cerah di masa depan. INSYA ALLAH, penulis akan sentiasa berusaha menambahkan minat terhadap bidang ini dan akhirnya menjadi ahli Geologi yang sejati dan berkualiti..

Stratigraphy :

Study of rock layers and reconstruction of original sequence in which they were deposited

Six principles of stratigraphy :
1. Principle of superposition
2. Principle of original horizontality
3. Principle of original lateral continuity
4. Cross cutting relationship
5. Rock inclusion
6. Faunal succession

study of rock succesion and the correlation of geological event and process. Putting together the geologic history of an area

lithostratigraphy is the study of lithology of the rock and its stratigraphic position

lithostratigraphic classification :

 Supergroup

 Group

 Formation

 Member 

 Beds

Facies and correlation :

facies is the total texture, composition and structural characteristic of sedimentary deposit
-lithology : grain size,rounding,sphericity
-color-biogenic content

facies analysis : interpretation of strata in term of depositional environment-variety of observation
facies association : study of several facies that occur in combination : one depositional environment
facies succession : only those facies that can be observe laterally adjacent to one another can be superimposed vertically ( cyclothem)


Correlation is the similarities of in rock sequence and fossil succesion between separated portion in stratigraphic unit.

Unconformities :
gap in the rock record. break in deposition/sedimentation or erosion take place (hiastus,lacuna & diastem)

4 types of unconformities :

1. Angular unconformity
2. Disconformity
3. Nonconformity
4. Paraconformity

To recognize Unconformities :
1. present of basal conglomerate/breccia on the top of eroded surface
2. hard ground

SUPERMOON 2013

23 Jun 2013 yang lepas kita telah digemparkan dengan fenomena 'Supermoon' iaitu fenomena di mana bulan paling hampir ke bumi. Fenomena ini menampakkan bulan 14 peratus lebih besar dan 30 peratus lebih terang berbanding keaadaan bulan penuh yang berlaku pada setiap bulan. Fenomena ini berlaku ekoran daripada pergerakan bulan di dalam orbit yang sedikit membujur dan mengakibatkan jarak antara bulan dan bumi boleh jadi sangat dekat dan sangat jauh.

"Dia lah yang menjadikan matahari bersinar-sinar (terang-benderang) dan bulan bercahaya, dan Dia lah yang menentukan perjalanan tiap-tiap satu itu (berpindah-randah) pada tempat-tempat peredarannya masing-masing) supaya kamu dapat mengetahui bilangan tahun dan kiraan masa. Allah tidak menjadikan semuanya itu melainkan dengan adanya faedah dan gunanya yang sebenar. Allah menjelaskan ayat-ayatNya (tanda-tanda kebesaranNya) satu persatu bagi kaum yang mahu mengetahui (hikmat sesuatu yang dijadikanNya)".
(Surah Yunus : 5)

BULAN :

Bulan yang beredar mengelilingi Bumi ialah sebuah satelit semula jadi dan kelima terbesar dalam sistem suria dan hanya bersaiz satu per empat daripada Bumi. Bulan tidak mempunyai sumber cahaya dan cahaya bulan sebenarnya berasal daripada pantulan cahaya Matahari. Bulan berada dalam putaran segerak dengan Bumi dan sentiasa menunjukkan muka yang sama dengan sisi dekatnya ditanda mare gunung berapi yang terletak di antara tanah tinggi kuno yang terang dan kawah hentam yang menonjol. Bulan ialah objek yang paling terang di langit selepas Matahari, walaupun sebenarnya permukaannya amat gelap dengan kepantulan yang sama dengan arang.

Geologi Bulan

Bulan memiliki kerak, mantel dan teras. Pemetaan geokimia dari orbit menunjukkan bahawa kerak terbina kebanyakannya daripada anorthosite yang meletus di permukaan qamari dan mengandungi lebih banyak besi berbanding Bumi. Kajian geofizik menganggarkan bahawa ketebalan kerak bulan puratanya adalah lebih kurang 50 km.

Kesan Bulan Tehadap Bumi

Pasang dan surut air laut terjadi kerana graviti bulan dan matahari terhadap bumi serta gaya sentrifugal yang dihasilkan sistem putaran Bulan-Bumi. Namun, Bulanlah yang mempunyai pengaruh besar yang mengakibatkan air laut pasang dan surut. Air laut di bahagian bumi yang menghadap bulan akan mengalami air pasang.


"Dia menyinsingkan pagi dan menjadikan malam untuk beristirahat dan (menjadikan) matahari dan bulan untuk perhintungan. itulah ketetapan Allah Yang Maha Perkasa, Maha Mengetahui." 
(Al An'am :96)