Tuesday, 4 June 2013

EKSPEDISI MENEROKA WARISAN GUA GUNUNG SENYUM DAN GUNUNG JEBAK PUYUH

5-7 APRIL 2013

Warga Geologi Tahun 1,2 dan 3

Mengharungi laluan berpacat

Lawatan Ke Petrosains KLCC

Exhibitions :

Exploration is a section where all the hi-tech tools and techiques used for petroleum exploration are displayed. Visitors will have the chance to glimpse into the job af a geologist or seismologist in this exhibit area.

Geotime Diorama will take you back more than 200 million years to meet a "singing" dinasour and to explore a vast diorama where the enviroment is as ancient as it gets. Learn also about earthquakes, fossils and petroleum.

lawatan ke Petrosains bertujuan untuk melihat pameran-pameran geologi, pameran geologi petroleum dan memberi pendedahan serta menambah minat kami terhadap ilmu-ilmu sains bumi yang sangat menarik dan menakjubkan :)

Monday, 3 June 2013

COURSES IN GEOLOGY

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Techniques in structural geology; classification of structures in geology; structures due to sedimentation and tectonics; introduction to types of analyses; deformation analysis, factors affecting deformation, principles of deformation; fractures, joints and their classification, indication of bedding plane, fracture analysis; types, indications and formation of faults and folds, foliation and cleavage. Structures in crystalline rocks; major and minor structures. Practical classes involve analyzing and interpreting structural data using equal area projection. Interpreting structures on geological map, outcrop, hand specimen and block diagram. The practical part also involves observation of structures in the field.

SEDIMENTOLOGY

Sedimentology is the study of sediment, particularly on how it is transported, and deposited. Sedimentary processes taking place during the transportation to deposition, classification of sedimentary rocks and identifying sedimentary environments. This course emphasizes on fundamental understanding of the mechanics of sediment transport and deposition, including the nature of grains and sedimentary structures.Instroduction to sedimentary petrography and classification of sedimentary rocks. Introduction to facies analysis and sedimentary environment of clastic and carbonate sediments. Interpretation of ancient sedimentary rocks and sedimentary environments.

PETROLOGY

Classification and nomenclature of igneous and metamorphic rocks based on mineral composition and textures. Natural magma; nature, composition and origin. Magmatic evolution; differentiation, assimilation and hybridization. Equilibrium and fractional crystallization in simple unary and binary systems and their relationship to phenomena in igneous rocks. Basic concepts: progressive regional metamorphism, grade,isograd, isothermal, isobar, zone, facies, facies series, pressure-type metamorphism, K-A inversion line, pair metamorphic belts. Metamorphic reactions. Practical parts involve basic petrographic techniques such as staining and point counting on outcrops, hand specimens, as well as thin sections and systematic description and classification of common rocks using microscope. Interpretation on origin and evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks based on microscopic study will also be treated in the practical sessions.

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING TECHNIQUE

Basic geological mapping, safety. Mapping equipments and its uses, field amenities, field maps and field notebooks, samplings. Geological maps, cross-sections and stratigraphic sections. Basic procedures in the field: observations, interpretation, taking field notes, drawing and photographing, field measurements, identifying rocks and field naming. Techniques in mapping rock units: pace and compass traverse, tracing contacts between rock units, correlating geologic units, mapping geologic structures. Practical classes involve exercise in preparing base maps, topographic maps and geologic maps by using the stated techniques; river and road traversing, and grid on the beach. Students are required to prepare geological maps,a cross-section and a field reports for every exercise.

Sunday, 2 June 2013

HOW THEY DRILL FOR OIL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M22pgJ_ztEY

Forming Oil

Oil comes from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they sank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea.

Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exerted intense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas. The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock. Movements in theEarth trapped the oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble.

These movements of the Earth include:

Folding - Horizontal movements press inward and move the rock layers upward into a fold or anticline.

Faulting - The layers of rock crack, and one side shifts upward or downward.

Pinching out - A layer of impermeable rock is squeezed upward into the reservoir rock.

Locating Oil

Whether employed directly by an oil company or under contract from a private firm, geologists are the ones responsible for finding oil. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oil trap -- the right source rock, reservoir rock and entrapment. Many years ago, geologists interpreted surface features, surface rock and soil types, and perhaps some small core samples obtained by shallow drilling. Modern oil geologists also examine surface rocks and terrain, with the additional help of satellite images. However, they also use a variety of other methods to find oil. They can use sensitive gravity meters to measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravitational field that could indicate flowing oil, as well as sensitive magnetometers to measure tiny changes in the Earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil. They can detect the smell of hydrocarbons using sensitive electronic noses called sniffers. Finally, and most commonly, they use seismology, creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are reflected back to the surface.

In seismic surveys, a shock wave is created by the following:

Compressed-air gun - shoots pulses of air into the water (for exploration over water)
Thumper truck - slams heavy plates into the ground (for exploration over land)
Explosives - detonated after being drilled into the ground (for exploration over land) or thrown overboard (for exploration over water)

The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock layers through which they must pass. Sensitive microphones or vibration detectors detect the reflections of the shock waves -- hydrophones over water, seismometers over land. Seismologists interpret the readings for signs of oil and gas traps.

Once geologists find a prospective oil strike, they mark the location using GPS coordinates on land or by marker buoys on water.